While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,‖modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
本句的后半部分是一个省略句，补全了应该是and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems will continue to be rejected。由于省略部分（黑体）与上一句的后半部分完全一样，它在第二句中被省略了。在阅读此句时，考生必须看到第二句与前一句是用and连接的并列关系，同时，还必须看到它缺少谓语。这样考生才能推断出它的谓语与前一句完全一样，并且被省略了。
under more favorable circumstances 在更优越的条件下，在较好的环境中
to some extent 在一定程度上
in every relevant respect 在各相关方面
in action 起作用
for the reasons given above 由于上述原因
for the better part of a decade 七八年来 （译注： decade 意为“十年”，the better part表示比五六年多，比九年十年少的概念，所以，译作“七八年”比较贴切）
2） 词类转换
由于英汉两种语言的表达习惯不同，在翻译时有时需要进行词类转换。在英译汉实践中，词义引申或词类转换是常见现象。比如： outside the area of moral choice可译为“无须考虑道德问题”；extremists of this kind可译为“这类人持极端看法”。在这两个例子中，英文中的介词和名词在翻译过程中变成了动词。
Robots have found application for the exploration of the outer space. (机器人已经被用于探索外空间。)
名词转形容词
He is a stranger to the operation of the helicopter. (他对直升机的操作很陌生。)
动词转名词
The university aims at the first rate of the world. (学校的目标是成为世界一流的大学。)
形容词转名词
The Internet is different from traditional media in that it sends and receives information faster. (因特网和传统媒体的区别就在于因特网可以更快地发送和接收信息。)
形容词转动词
Success is dependent on his efforts. (成功与否取决于他的努力。)
形容词转副词
The pictures give a visual representation of the situation. (这些图片直观地展示了当时的情景。)
副词转名词
Internally the earth consists of two parts, a core and a mantle. (地球的内部由两部分组成：地核和地幔。)
介词转连词
With all its shortcomings this composition is regarded as the best. (尽管这篇作文有缺陷，但仍被认为是最佳的。)
四、 考研英语英译汉真题解析
2005年英译汉试题（全国试题）
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.
If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalists intellectual preparation for his or her career.
(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a wellgrounded understanding of the legal system.
46. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
［分析］1. 句子分段： Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions ‖ as the special preserve of lawyers, ‖ rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
2. 句子结构： 1） 主干结构：简单句legal learning has been viewed as...rather than...；2） view...as中间插入介词词组in such institutions作状语，该词组的含义要到前一句话中去找，指的是“Canadian universities”。
47. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.
［分析］1. 句子分段： On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner ‖ which is parallel to the links ‖ journalists forge on a daily basis ‖ as they cover and comment on the news.
2. 句子结构： 1) 主语＋谓语＋which引导的定语从句＋省略引导词的定语从句＋as引导的状语从句；2） these concepts的含义也要到前边的句子中去找，指的是前面提到的justice, democracy and freedom；3） which引导的定语从句which is...the news修饰manner，其中包含了定语从句journalists...daily basis，修饰links以及as引导的状语从句。
3. 词的处理： concept观念；everyday reality日常生活中的实际情况；in a...manner以……方式；parallel类似的，相似的；forge使形成；on a basis以……为基础；cover报道
48. But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
［分析］1. 句子分段： But the idea ‖ that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen ‖ rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
2. 句子结构： 1） 主语＋that引导的同位语从句＋谓语（rest on）＋宾语（an understanding of...）；2） the established conventions和special responsibilities均修饰news media。
49. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
［分析］1. 句子分段： In fact, it is difficult to see ‖ how journalists ‖ who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution ‖ can do a competent job on political stories.
50. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.
［分析］1. 句子分段：While comment and reaction from lawyers ‖ may enhance stories, ‖ it is preferable for journalists ‖ to rely on their own notions of significance and ‖ make their own judgments.
